Anti-TNFα antibodies

ABSTRACT

Novel TNFα antibody polypeptides and nucleic acids are disclosed. Methods of utilizing the polypeptides to treat TNFα-related diseases are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/705,427, filed 4 Aug. 2005, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to anti-TNFα antibodies and their use as therapeutics.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Efficacy of a therapeutic protein can be limited by an unwanted immune reaction to the therapeutic protein. For monoclonal antibodies, a number of techniques have been developed in attempts to reduce the human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response. In general, these approaches aim to reduce the mouse genetic information in the final antibody construct while increasing the human genetic information. Examples of such approaches are chimeric, humanized and fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).

Chimeric antibodies contain regions derived from different animal species, such as a murine immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region and a human Ig constant region. Infliximab (sold under the brand name REMICADE®) is a chimeric IgG1κ monoclonal antibody that specifically binds human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Infliximab has human constant regions and murine variable regions. The heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) of infliximab has 119 amino acids; the light chain variable region (V_(L)) has 107 amino acids. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,277,969, 6,284,471, 6,790,444, and 6,835,823, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TNFα can be produced by a wide variety of cells, but activated macrophages constitute the most abundant source of this factor (Vassalli, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 10: 411-452 (1992)). TNFα is a soluble homotrimer of 17 kD protein subunits (Smith, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262: 6951-6954 (1987)). A membrane-bound 26 kD precursor form of TNFα also exists (Kriegler, et al., Cell 53: 45-53 (1988)).

TNFα causes pro-inflammatory actions which result in tissue injury, such as inducing procoagulant activity on vascular endothelial cells increasing the adherence of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and stimulating the release of platelet activating factor from macrophages, neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells (Pober, et al., J. Immunol. 136: 1680-1687 (1986); Pober, et al., J. Immunol. 138: 3319-3324 (1987); Camussi, et al., J. Exp. Med. 166: 1390-1404 (1987)).

The numerous biological effects of TNFα and the closely related cytokine, TNFβ (also known as lymphotoxin), are mediated by two TNF transmembrane receptors, the p55 and p75 receptors (Hohmann, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264: 14927-14934 (1989); Engelmann, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265: 1531-1536 (1990)). Extracellular domains of TNF receptors derived by proteolytic cleavage inhibit TNF functions (Kohno, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 8331-8335 (1990)). TNFα is associated with infections, immune disorders, neoplastic pathologies, autoimmune pathologies and graft-versus host pathologies (Cerami, et al., Immunol. Today 9: 28-31 (1988); Oliff, et al., Cell 50: 555-563 (1987); Piguet, et al., J. Exp. Med. 166: 1280-1289 (1987)). Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNFα has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including sepsis, cerebral malaria, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn's disease, as well as cancer (reviewed in Zhang and Tracey, The Cytokine Handbook, Thomson A W (ed). pp 517-548 (1998)). TNFα can mediate cachexia in cancer, infectious pathology, and other catabolic states (reviewed in Tracey, et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 587: 325-331 (1990)).

Neutralizing anti-TNFα antibodies that inhibit TNFα activities are useful in treating and/or diagnosing TNFα-mediated diseases. Infliximab has been approved in the United States for treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It can also effectively treat other disorders or symptoms of various immune and autoimmune pathologies as well as inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroidosis, graft versus host disease, scleroderma, diabetes mellitus, Grave's disease, sarcoidosis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, atherosclerosis and Kawasaki's pathology. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,656,272, 5,698,195, and 5,919,452, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

It has been reported that antibodies to infliximab have been observed in some treated patients (Targan et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 337: 1029-1035 (1997); Maini et al., Arthritis Rheum. 41: 1552-1563 (1998)). Accordingly, in order to potentially diminish the incidence of anti-infliximab antibodies in treated patients, it is desirable to reduce the amount of murine amino sequences present in the molecule.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the alignment of V_(H) regions of the TNFα antibody C7 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and infliximab (SEQ ID NO: 1). Identical amino acids are denoted by a “-.” Conservative amino acid changes are shown in bold.

FIG. 2 shows the alignment of V_(L) regions of C7 (SEQ ID NO: 380) and infliximab (SEQ ID NO: 379). Identical amino acids are denoted by a “-.” Conservative amino acid changes are shown in bold.

FIG. 3 shows the ELISA titration curves for C7 and infliximab.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention is a polypeptide comprising a polypeptide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.

Another aspect of the invention is a polypeptide comprising a polypeptide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 or 190.

Another aspect of the invention is a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377 or 378 or a complementary sequence.

Another aspect of the invention is a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide encoding the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 or 190.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though fully set forth. Single letter amino acid codes are used herein as understood by those skilled in the art.

The term “immunoglobulin” as used herein refers to a protein consisting of one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes. The term “antibody” as used herein refers to a protein of the immunoglobulin family that is capable of interacting or otherwise associating with an antigen, as well as biologically active fragments, regions or derivatives thereof, provided by any known technique, such as, but not limited to enzymatic cleavage (e.g., by papain or pepsin digestion), peptide synthesis or recombinant techniques. Examples of biologically active fragments regions of antibodies include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂ and Fv. These fragments lack the Fc fragment of an intact antibody, clear more rapidly from the circulation, and can have less non-specific tissue binding than an intact antibody. The term “derivatives” includes modified antibodies that functionally resemble immunoglobulin molecules. An exemplary modification can be the addition of a cytotoxic protein such as a bacterial toxin.

The term “antigen” as used herein refers to a substance that is capable of interacting with the antibody and in the context of the present invention is meant to be TNFα. The TNFα may be soluble TNFα or membrane associated TNFα. The term “TNFα antibodies” as used herein includes antibodies capable of binding portions of TNF and inhibiting the binding of TNFα to TNF receptors.

The present invention provides TNFα antibodies that bind to TNFα and have fewer murine-derived amino acid residues than infliximab. The invention also provides nucleic acids encoding the TNFα antibodies, vectors containing these nucleic acids, host cells, compositions and methods of making and using the TNFα antibodies.

TNFα Antibody Polypeptides and Compositions

The present invention generally relates to a TNFα antibody comprising a polypeptide having the sequence shown in Formula I (SEQ ID NO: 2):

(I) EVQLX₅ESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCX₂₃ASX₂₆X₂₇X₂₈FS NHX₃₃MNWVRQA PGKGLEWIGE IRSKSX₅₆X₅₇X₅₈AT X₆₁YAESVKGRF IISRDX₇₆NX₇₈X₇₉X₈₀ LX₈₂LEMNSLKT EDTAEYYCAX₁₀₀ NYYGSTX₁₀₇DYW GQGTLVTVS wherein,

X₅ is V or T; X₂₃ is A or R; X₂₆ is G or Q; X₂₇ is F or S; X₂₈ is I or T; X₃₃ is W or Y; X₅₆ is I or S; X₅₇ is N or Y; X₅₈ is S or G; X₆₁ is H or S; X₇₆ is D or G; X₇₈ is K or G; X₇₉ is N or T; X₈₀ is S or D; X₈₂ is Y or T; X₁₀₀ is R or Q; and X₁₀₇ is Y or P.

More particularly, the present invention relates to antibodies against TNFα that are less likely to generate anti-infliximab antibodies in humans.

The variable regions of the TNFα antibodies have significant identities with human immunoglobulin sequences or human immunoglobulin germline sequences in the framework regions. Human immunoglobulin sequences can be found in databases such as that of NCBI (http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Human immunoglobulin germline sequences can be found at, for example, http://vbase.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk/. Exemplary heavy chain variable region amino acid sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 or 190. An exemplary light chain variable region sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 380.

The heavy chain constant region can be derived from any of the known classes or isotypes of human heavy chains, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM and subtypes thereof, such as G1, G2, G3 and G4. Since the heavy chain isotype is responsible for the various effector functions of an antibody, the choice of the heavy chain constant region will be guided by the desired effector functions, such as complement fixation, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). An exemplary heavy chain constant region amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 382. The light chain constant region can be derived from either human light chain isotype kappa or lambda. An exemplary light chain constant region amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 383.

The TNFα antibodies of the present invention can bind TNFα with a wide range of affinities. Exemplary TNFα antibodies bind TNFα with affinity similar to or higher than that of infliximab. The affinity of TNFα antibodies for TNFα can be determined experimentally using any suitable method, e.g., methods using Biacore or KinExA instrumentation, ELISA and competitive binding assays.

The TNFα antibodies of the present invention are capable of blocking or reducing interactions between TNFα and TNF receptors. These TNFα antibodies neutralize TNFα activity in a range of in vitro assays, such as cell cytotoxicity, mitogenesis, cytokine induction and induction of adhesion molecules.

The TNFα antibodies of the present invention are useful for treating disorders or symptoms of various immune and autoimmune pathologies as well as inflammatory diseases. TNF related pathologies and diseases include, but are not limited to, the following:

-   (A) acute and chronic immune and autoimmune pathologies, such as     systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroidosis,     graft versus host disease, scleroderma, diabetes mellitus, Graves'     disease, and the like; -   (B) infections, including, but not limited to, sepsis syndrome,     cachexia, circulatory collapse and shock resulting from acute or     chronic bacterial infection, acute and chronic parasitic and/or     bacterial, viral or fungal infectious diseases, such as AIDS     (including sequelae such as cachexia, autoimmune disorders, AIDS     dementia complex and infections); -   (C) inflammatory diseases, such as chronic inflammatory pathologies     and vascular inflammatory pathologies, including chronic     inflammatory pathologies such as sarcoidosis, chronic inflammatory     bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's pathology and     vascular inflammatory pathologies, such as, but not limited to,     disseminated intravascular coagulation, atherosclerosis, and     Kawasaki's pathology; -   (D) neurodegenerative diseases, including, but are not limited to,     demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and acute     transverse myelitis; extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders'such as     lesions of the corticospinal system; disorders of the basal ganglia     or cerebellar disorders; hyperkinetic movement disorders such as     Huntington's Chorea and senile chorea; drug-induced movement     disorders, such as those induced by drugs which block CNS dopamine     receptors; hypokinetic movement disorders, such as Parkinson's     disease; Progressive supranucleo palsy; Cerebellar and     Spinocerebellar Disorders, such as astructural lesions of the     cerebellum; spinocerebellar degenerations (spinal ataxia,     Friedreich's ataxia, cerebellar cortical degenerations, multiple     systems degenerations (Mencel, Dejerine-Thomas, Shi-Drager, and     Machado-Joseph); and systemic disorders (Refsum's disease,     abetalipoprotemia, ataxia, telangiectasia, and mitochondrial     multi.system disorder); demyelinating core disorders, such as     multiple sclerosis, acute transverse myelitis; disorders of the     motor unit, such as neurogenic muscular atrophies (anterior horn     cell degeneration, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, infantile     spinal muscular atrophy and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy);     Alzheimer's disease; Down's Syndrome in middle age; Diffuse Lewy     body disease; Senile Dementia of Lewy body type; Wernicke-Korsakoff     syndrome; chronic alcoholism; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; subacute     sclerosing panencephalitis, Hallerrorden-Spatz disease; and Dementia     pugilistica, or any subset thereof; -   (E) malignant pathologies involving TNF-secreting tumors or other     malignancies involving TNF, such as, but not limited to leukemias     (acute, chronic myelocytic, chronic lymphocytic and/or     myelodyspastic syndrome); lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's     lymphomas, such as malignant lymphomas (Burkitt's lymphoma or     Mycosis fungoides)); and -   (F) alcohol-induced hepatitis.

Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention is pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one TNFα antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent known in the art. The carrier or diluent can be a solution, suspension, emulsion, colloid or powder.

A TNFα antibody of the invention is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition in a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount. The term “effective amount” generally refers to the quantities of antibody necessary for effective therapy, i.e., the partial or complete alleviation of the symptom or disorder for which treatment was sought. Included within the definition of effective therapy are prophylactic treatments intended to reduce the likelihood of onset of the above-described symptoms or disorders.

The composition can optionally comprise at least one further compound, protein or composition useful for treating a TNF-related pathology or disease. For example, combination with anti-rheumatic drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-neoplastic agents, radiotherapeutics, immunosuppressives, and cytotoxic drugs to treat various diseases and conditions are contemplated. In this regard, anti-rheumatic drugs can be at least one of auranofin, azathioprine, chloroquine, D-penicillamine, gold sodium thiomalate hydroxychloroquine, Myocrisin and sulfasalzine methotrexate. Anti-inflammatory agents can be at least one of pentasa, mesalazine, asacol, codeine phosphate, benorylate, fenbufen, naprosyn, diclofenac, etodolac and indomethacin, aspirin and ibuprofen.

Nucleic Acids, Vectors and Cell Lines

Another aspect of the present invention is isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising, complementary to or having significant identity with a polynucleotide encoding at least one TNFα antibody. Other aspects of the present invention include recombinant vectors comprising at least one isolated TNFα antibody encoding nucleic acid molecule and cell lines and organisms that are capable of expressing proteins from the nucleic acid molecules. The nucleic acids, expression vectors and cell lines may generally be used to produce the TNFα antibodies of the invention.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid compositions of the invention comprise polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 or 190. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences comprise polynucleotides shown in SEQ ID NOs: 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377 or 378.

Typically, the nucleic acids of the present invention are used in expression vectors for the preparation of the TNFα antibody polypeptides of the invention. Vectors within the scope of the invention provide necessary elements for eukaryotic expression, including viral promoter driven vectors, such as CMV promoter driven vectors, e.g., pcDNA3.1, pCEP4 and their derivatives, Baculovirus expression vectors, Drosophila expression vectors and expression vectors that are driven by mammalian gene promoters, such as human immunoglobulin gene promoters. Other examples include prokaryotic expression vectors, such as T7 promoter driven vectors, e.g., pET41, lactose promoter driven vectors and arabinose gene promoter driven vectors.

The present invention also relates to cell lines expressing TNFα antibodies. The host cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Exemplary eukaryotic cells are mammalian cells, such as but not limited to, COS-1, COS-7, HEK293, BHK21, CHO, BSC-1, HepG2, 653, SP2/0, NS0, 293, HeLa, myeloma, lymphoma cells, or any derivative thereof. Most preferably, the host cells are HEK293, NS0, SP2/0 or CHO cells. The cell lines of the present invention may stably express at least one TNFα antibody. The cell lines may be generated by stable or transient transfection procedures that are well known in the art.

The present invention further provides methods for expressing at least one TNFα antibody comprising culturing the cell lines under conditions wherein the TNFα antibody is expressed in detectable or recoverable amounts. The present invention also provides methods for generating at least one TNFα antibody comprising translating the TNFα antibody encoding nucleic acids under conditions in vitro or in situ, such that the TNFα antibody is expressed in detectable or recoverable amounts. The present invention also encompasses TNFα antibody produced by the above methods.

A TNFα antibody can be recovered and purified by well-known methods including, but not limited to, protein A purification, ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylatpatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. High performance liquid chroatography (HPLC) can also be employed for purification.

Methods of Use

The TNFα antibodies are useful as, inter alia, research reagents and therapeutic agents. In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of decreasing or inhibiting the interactions between TNFα and TNF receptors comprising providing at least one TNFα antibody to a mammal in need thereof. The TNFα antibodies neutralize the biological activities of TNFα and therefore function as antagonists of TNFα. The term “antagonist” is used in the broadest sense and includes a molecule that is capable of, directly or indirectly, partially or fully counteracting, reducing or inhibiting one or more biological activities of TNFα.

The present invention further provides methods for reducing the symptoms of, or treating at least one TNF-related condition or disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one TNFα antibody pharmaceutical composition to a patient in need thereof. As described above, such composition comprises an effective amount of at least one TNFα antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The effective amount for a given therapy, whether curative or preventative, will generally depend upon many different factors, including means of administration, target site and other medicants administered. Thus, treatment doses will need to be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy.

The conditions and diseases suitable for treatment using the methods of the present invention include but are not limited to, various immune disorders, autoimmune pathologies and inflammatory diseases as listed in detail above. These methods can optionally further comprise co-administration or combination therapies with any standard therapy used to treat the diseases.

The mode of administration can be any suitable route to deliver the pharmaceutically effective amount of TNFα antibody of the present invention to a host. For example, the TNFα antibody can be delivered via parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous or intranasal administration, or any other means known in the art.

The present invention is further described with reference to the following examples. These examples are merely to illustrate aspects of the present invention and are not intended as limitations of this invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Generation of TNFα Antibodies

Fab libraries were designed based on a combination of infliximab sequence and structure-based criteria. The design goal was molecules with TNFα binding activity at least equal to that of infliximab with high similarity to human immunoglobulin sequences. For example, one criterion of selection for library members was sequence identity or similarity in framework and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) for both heavy and light chains with homologous human counterparts. The human immunoglobulin database at NCBI (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and the human germline immunoglobulin database (vbase.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk) were employed. Based on these criteria, V_(H) polypeptides were designed with substitutions at one or a combination of 17 sites. These V_(H) combinations were combined with one substituted V_(L) polypeptide having an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 380 (encoding nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 381). Synthetic Fab DNA libraries were generated according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,427.

The Fab libraries were cloned into pTrcHis2A (Cat. No. V365-20, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Proteins were expressed in E. coli and solid-phase ELISA was used to assess Fab binding to human TNFα. Briefly, 96-well plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with 1 μg/ml of rHuTNF-alpha (Biosource, Camarillo, Calif.) in Carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH9.4. After washing in PBS with 0.05% (w/v) Tween-20, the wells were blocked with 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, plates were incubated with transformed E. coli cell lysate diluted in the assay buffer (1% BSA and 0.05% Tween-20 in 10 mM PBS) for 2 hours at room temperature. Various concentrations of infliximab (0.5, 1 and 2 ng/ml) were used as positive anti-Human Kappa Light Chain Biotin/anti-penta-His Biotin control. Plates were washed and incubated with ImmunoPure Goat Anti-Human Kappa Chain, Biotin Conjugated (Cat. No. 31780, Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.) and Penta-His Biotin Conjugate (Cat. No. 34440, QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.) diluted 1:2000 in the assay buffer for 1 hour at room temperature. Following another washing step, plates were probed for 1 hour at room temperature with 100 μL/well of Streptavidin POD (Cat. No. 1089153, Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind.) diluted 1:4000 in the assay buffer. Plates were further washed and then incubated with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramentylbenzidine (TMB, Cat. No. 34028, Pierce Biotechnology) for 30 minutes. Substrate development was stopped by addition of 100 μL/well TMB Stop Solution (Cat. No. 50-85-05, KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.) and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm via an automated plate spectrophotometer.

188 clones with optical density values of at least twice the background value were further characterized. The V_(H) amino acid sequences of these clones are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 190 respectively. The V_(L) amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 380. Briefly, protein concentration was determined and a titration curve in TNFα ELISA was generated for each clone. A serial dilution curve was generated by eight points titration in duplicate, starting at 50 ng/ml. Clones were ranked according to their EC50. The variable regions of selected Fab clones were subcloned into a mammalian construct with infliximab constant region.

EXAMPLE 2 Sequence Analysis of a TNFα Antibody

The framework portion of the V_(H) region of one of the novel TNFα antibodies selected as described in Example 1 (C7) (SEQ ID NO: 3) is identical to human germline sequence (VH3 3-72 and JH4). As shown in FIG. 1, when compared to infliximab, 61 out of the 83 amino acids in the framework regions are identical. Of the 23 positions that are different, 14 of them (shown in bold) are conservative amino acid changes.

Similarly, the framework portion of C7 V_(L) region is identical to human germline sequence (Vk1 A10 and Jk3). As shown in FIG. 2, when compared to infliximab, 63 out of the 80 amino acids in the framework regions are identical. Of the 17 positions that are different, 13 of them (shown in bold) are conservative amino acid changes.

EXAMPLE 3 Binding of Antibody C7 to TNFα

The full-length antibodies were used in a solid-phase ELISA binding assay as described in Example 1 to confirm the TNFα binding. FIG. 3 shows that the ELISA titration curve for C7 is comparable to that of infliximab.

C7 was also used in a Biacore assay to compare the binding constants of C7 and infliximab to TNFα. The results (not shown) indicated that the binding affinity of C7 to TNFα (K_(D)=70 pM) is more than 2-fold higher than that of infliximab (K_(D)=170 pM).

The present invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. 

1. A polypeptide comprising a polypeptide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:
 2. 2. A polypeptide comprising a polypeptide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 or
 190. 3. A polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of claim
 2. 4. A cell line expressing the polypeptide of claim
 3. 5. The cell line of claim 4 wherein the cell line is HEK293, NSO, SP2/0 or CHO cell line.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising of at least one polypeptide of claim 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 7. A polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377 or 378 or a fully complementary sequence of any of the foregoing sequences.
 8. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claims 3, 2, or
 7. 9. A cell line comprising the vector of claim
 8. 10. The cell line of claim 9 wherein the cell line is HEK293, NSO, SP2/0 or CHO cell line. 